n-Hexadecane

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n-Hexadecane (also known as Cetane) is a straight-chain alkane hydrocarbon composed of 16 carbon atoms. Here is a detailed introduction to it:

1. Physicochemical Properties

Appearance and State: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature and appears as colorless leaf-like crystals at low temperatures (below 18°C).

Physical Parameters: Its chemical formula is C₁₆H₃₄, with a molecular weight of approximately 226.44. It has a melting point of 18.2°C, a boiling point of about 286.7°C, a flash point of 135°C, and a density of approximately 0.773 g/cm³.

Solubility: It is insoluble in water but miscible with organic solvents such as ether, petroleum ether, and chloroform. It is slightly soluble in hot ethanol.

Chemical Stability: It is chemically stable and does not decompose under normal use and storage conditions. However, it should be kept away from oxidizing agents.

2. Core Applications

Diesel Standard Substance: The most critical application of n-hexadecane is as a standard substance for determining the combustion quality of diesel (cetane number). Because it ignites extremely easily under compression, its cetane number is defined as 100, serving as the benchmark for evaluating other diesel fuels.

Chromatographic Analysis: It is widely used as a stationary phase, reference sample, and retention index calibration standard in gas chromatography, for the separation and analysis of lower hydrocarbons and metal chlorides.

Industrial and Scientific Research: It is used as a raw material and solvent in organic synthesis, a base component for synthetic lubricating oils, and a model compound in biodegradability studies.

3. Safety and Hazards

Fire and Explosion Hazards: It is combustible and poses a fire risk when exposed to high heat, open flames, or in contact with oxidizers.

Health Hazards: Its vapor is irritating to the upper respiratory tract, eyes, and skin. Direct aspiration of the liquid into the lungs may cause chemical pneumonitis, and ingestion is harmful.

Environmental Hazards: It is harmful to the environment, particularly causing pollution to aquatic bodies.

4. Storage and Handling Precautions

Storage Conditions: It should be stored in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated warehouse, away from fire, heat sources, and direct sunlight. Packaging must be sealed, and it must be stored separately from acids, oxidizers, and edible chemicals.

Handling Precautions: Although it has low toxicity, prolonged contact may irritate the skin. Laboratory operations should be conducted in a fume hood, and gloves and safety goggles must be worn.

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