N-hexane
1. Basic Identification
CAS No.: 110‑54‑3
UN No.: 1208, Class 3 Flammable Liquid, Packing Group II, listed in Hazardous Chemical Catalogue
Molecular weight: 86.18
2. Physical & Chemical Properties (Pure Grade)
Appearance & Odor: Colorless transparent liquid with faint gasoline-like odor; highly volatile
Boiling point: 68.7°C; Melting point: −95.3°C
Density: 0.660 g/cm³ (lighter than water, floats on water); Vapor density ≈2.98 (heavier than air, prone to accumulation at low ground level)
Solubility: Insoluble in water; miscible in all proportions with ethanol, acetone, ether, benzene and oils; excellent non-polar solvent
Critical Safety Data
Closed-cup flash point: −22°C (extremely flammable)
Flammability limit (vol%): 1.1%～7.5%, prone to explosion upon open flame or static electricity
Autoignition temperature: 225°C
Chemical Stability: Chemically inert at ambient temperature, stable against common acids and alkalis; prohibited from co-storage with strong oxidants (hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, chlorate etc.); swells and corrodes conventional rubber and plastic materials.
3. Main Industrial Applications
(1) Food Grade n-Hexane
Extraction solvent for edible oil (soybean, rapeseed, peanut oil production); low boiling point facilitates solvent removal by distillation; widely adopted for edible oil refining per national standards; purification of essential oils and animal & plant fats.
(2) Precision Degreasing & Cleaning (Largest consumption field)
Degreasing cleaning for PCB, semiconductors, precision hardware and optical lenses (zero residue after evaporation, alternative to benzene solvents); diluent for printing ink, footwear adhesive (core component of white mineral solvent).
(3) Chemical & Laboratory Usage
Polymerization solvent for propylene; GC/HPLC chromatographic reagent; raw material for organic synthesis; thinner for coating & ink.
(4) Petrochemical Industry
Feedstock for isomerization to high-octane gasoline blending component.
4. Health Hazards (Key: Cumulative Neurotoxicity)
Absorption routes: inhalation, dermal penetration and oral ingestion.Occupational exposure limit (China GB): PC-TWA: 100 mg/m³, PC-STEL: 180 mg/m³, marked with "Skin" (significant percutaneous absorption).
Acute Poisoning (Short-term high-concentration exposure)
Dizziness, nausea, drowsiness/anesthesia, irritation of eyes and respiratory tract; massive ingestion with aspiration may trigger chemical pneumonia and even fatality in severe cases.
Chronic Poisoning (Long-term low-level exposure, common occupational disease in footwear & electronics factories)
Irreversible peripheral nerve damage: limb numbness, tingling pain, lower limb weakness, muscular atrophy and walking dysfunction, typical occupational lesion induced by n-hexane.
Dermal Hazard:
Prolonged contact causes skin defatting, chapping and dermatitis; toxic to aquatic organism, classified as HW06 hazardous waste.
5. Storage, Transportation & PPE Requirements
Storage
Cool, ventilated and explosion-proof warehouse; keep away from heat source, open flame and oxidants; impermeable flooring with anti-static earthing; direct drainage to sewer forbidden.
Personal Protection
Closed processing with forced workshop ventilation; wear organic vapor respirator, nitrile solvent-resistant gloves and safety goggles; avoid prolonged bare-hand immersion.
Spill Response
Small spill: absorb with sand and collect as hazardous waste; Large spill: isolate all ignition sources, build containment bund to prevent runoff into sewer or watercourse.
Fire Fighting
Dry chemical powder, foam and CO₂ are applicable; DO NOT spray water directly for fire extinguishing (floating liquid spreads fire).
6. GHS Hazard Statements
Hazard classification: Category 2 Flammable Liquid, Category 2 Skin Irritant, repeated exposure causes nerve damage, fatal if inhaled, harmful to aquatic environment.
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